Understanding Male Breast Cancer

Though often associated with women, men can develop breast cancer due to the presence of small amounts of breast tissue. Approximately 400 men are diagnosed annually in the UK, typically over the age of 60, although younger men can also be affected.

Types of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer in men can be:

• Primary (non-spread): Most are invasive, meaning they can potentially spread. Some are non-invasive (in situ).
• Secondary (metastatic): Cancer has spread beyond the breast, treatable but not curable.

Genetics and Family History

Male breast cancer is more likely linked to inherited gene mutations (e.g., BRCA2). Genetic testing is offered to identify inherited risks. A positive result may suggest family members are also at increased risk and should be informed.

Treatment Options

Treatment is personalized based on cancer type, stage, and health status. Options include:

1. Surgery

• Mastectomy is most common due to limited male breast tissue.
• Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) is rare.
• Lymph node removal may be done to check for spread.

2. Radiotherapy

Used after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells, especially after breast-conserving surgery or if cancer has spread to lymph nodes.

3. Chemotherapy

Given before or after surgery, depending on cancer size and growth rate. Also used for secondary cancer to control its spread.

4. Hormone Therapy

Most male breast cancers are oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+). Tamoxifen is commonly prescribed to block oestrogen’s effect. Alternatives like aromatase inhibitors with goserelin may be used in specific cases.

5. Targeted Therapy

HER2-positive cancers may be treated with drugs like trastuzumab. These therapies are less common in men but can be effective.

Side Effects & Physical Changes

Treatments can cause side effects like:

• Fatigue
• Hair loss
• Nausea
• Erectile dysfunction
• Hot flushes

You may also notice body changes such as chest shape differences post-surgery or scarring, which can affect self-esteem. Support is available to manage these impacts.

Sex, Intimacy & Fertility

Treatments may reduce sex drive, cause erectile dysfunction, or change how orgasms feel. Open communication with partners, support groups, or medical help (e.g., sex therapy) can be beneficial.

Chemotherapy may affect fertility, so sperm banking may be an option before treatment. Speak to your healthcare provider early if this concerns you.

Managing Side Effects

• Lymphoedema: Swelling in the arm or chest after lymph node removal or radiotherapy. Can be managed with care and early treatment.
• Fatigue: Common and sometimes long-lasting. Rest, light activity, and nutrition help manage this.
• Blood clots: Higher risk during treatment. Watch for symptoms like swelling or shortness of breath and seek emergency care if they occur.

Emotional & Mental Health Support

A male breast cancer diagnosis can feel isolating. It’s important to talk about how you’re feeling. Support is available through:

• Breast care nurses
• Counselling or therapy
• Support groups like Men’s Virtual Meet Up
• Someone Like Me: Connects you with men who’ve had similar experiences.

Family, Work, and Daily Life

Talking to friends and family about your diagnosis can ease stress and improve support. If you have children, honesty—adjusted to their age—helps reduce fear and confusion.

Work may be affected, but you’re protected against discrimination by law. You may qualify for financial support; Macmillan Cancer Support offers advice.

Healthy Living

Diet

Treatment can affect appetite, weight, and taste. Balanced nutrition helps manage side effects and boosts overall health.

Exercise

Staying active improves physical and mental health, reduces fatigue, and may lower the risk of recurrence. Simple activities like walking or stretching can be very beneficial.

After Treatment & Recurrence Awareness

After treatment ends, regular follow-ups help monitor recovery. Some men may receive routine mammograms or other checks.

Be aware of signs of recurrence, such as:

• Swelling or lumps near the chest, collarbone, or armpits
• Skin changes, nipple discharge, or inversion
• Fatigue, weight loss, bone pain, or persistent cough

Report new or unusual symptoms to your GP or care team.

Moving Forward

Many men feel emotional once treatment ends. It’s normal to feel uncertain. The Moving Forward course offers tools and peer support to help adjust after treatment. Information and support continue to be available for as long as you need.

Support Resources

• Breast Cancer Now Helpline: 0808 800 6000
• Email: nurse@breastcancernow.org
• Website: breastcancernow.org
• Forum: Connect anonymously with others facing similar challenges
• Someone Like Me: 0800 138 6551 for matched peer support

Other Useful Organizations

• Cancer Research UK – Information and support
• Macmillan Cancer Support – Financial, emotional, and practical advice
• Maggie’s – Centres offering drop-in emotional and practical help
• Fruitfly Collective – Tools for talking to children about cancer
• The Men’s Virtual Meet Up – Online peer group for men affected by breast cancer